A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-economic activity plays an essential role in the economic, social, physical, and cultural dimensions of Rural settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on Rural physical identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tourism on the identity changes of Rural settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. Therefore, the present study questions 1. What is the relationship between tourism development and Rural identity changes in the study area? What are the most critical factors influencing the physical development of Rural settlements? He answers. The present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 villages located in the Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population and housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households and 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that tourism development in the sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) and land-use changes (3/78) and unity and plurality such as Design and style of housing architecture (3/01) and public transit architecture (3/23) and then differentiation and homogeneity such as proportionality with Rural life (3/58) and Rurality or location (3/43) have a positive impact on the physical dimensions of Rural settlements in the region. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism development plays a vital role in the development of Rural physical identity in the region. So that the proportion of Rural life with a specific amount of 13/6 and 27% of the total variance had the most influence among the factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-economic activity in local and regional development, tourism has a high potential for political, social, and economic changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as the engine of development. Today, Rural areas in developing countries face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agricultural activities such as the development of handicrafts, food industries, and tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some Rural areas. Therefore, tourism as one of the essential approaches to Rural development has multiple effects on the socio-economic dimensions of Rural areas. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping spaces, reconfiguring and rebuilding processes, creating new socio-economic opportunities in less-developed Rural areas,  and leads to changes in the physical dimensions and physical identity of the villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate the role of tourism development in the physical identity of  Rural settlements located in the Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After the survey of theoretical bases, the questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum and distributed randomly among the sample. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in the villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan and Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, and Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was further validated by an academic panel of experts in the field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. The data were analyzed by One sample T-test and Factor   analysis tests in the SPSS software package.    Results and discussion To investigate the role of tourism activities in the physical identity change of Rural settlements, the research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, and environmental cleanliness and land-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (Landscape of free passages and the type of architectural style), and differentiation/similarity (proportional to Rural life and Compliance with the physical environment) were classified. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), the components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, and differentiation and similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), and (3.27), respectively. The effect of tourism development is affected, and the difference is positive and means between upper and lower boundaries. There is a significant difference at the 95% level between the components. Evaluation of the importance of tourism in the physical development of Rural settlements from the viewpoint of the respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that the relevant data according to the KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, and the Bartlett's test is 99% significant. Therefore, 50 variables extracted from the questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely Rural planning and architecture, beautification and environmental hygiene, privacy and road improvement, Rural livelihoods, cultural regeneration, and physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on the utility analysis of indicators indicate the positive impact of tourism development on the development of physical identity changes in Rural settlements in the study area. Thus, the development of tourism in the villages under study has been able to positively influence the three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity and plurality, and differentiation and similarity. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism development due to its social and economic impacts on the villages has also led to changes in Rural physical identity. Moreover, hygiene and cleanliness of the Rural environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) and (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in the continuity component over time. The results of the data analysis using factor analysis showed that the studied variables had 6% of the total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism development in two factors in terms of continuity in time has the most impact on the physical identity of Rural settlements at 41%. Thus, planning and architecture of Rural housing with 27% of the total variance and beautification and sanitation of the physical environment with 14% of the total variance have a significant impact on the physical changes and, consequently, the physical identity of the Rural settlements. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions can be considered: Strengthening local institutions, such as the Islamic Council and the local managers, in order to promote the use of local patterns in the construction of new instruments to conform to the physical structure and function of the villages in the region; Management of land use changes on the edge of the village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in the way of preservation and environmental beauty; Prevent the accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in the area; Improving public beauties and beautifying them using the social and cultural elements of the region.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest The Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors appreciate to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Spatial flows between Rural and urban settlements are defined as the flow of people, capital, goods, information and technology and the like. Spatial flows between the city and the village over time are key factors in the spatial changesof Rural settlements. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of spatial flows in spatial changes of Rural settlements around Zahedan. The present study is a descriptive-analytic. The statistical population of the study consists of 218 Zahedan villages. Have been. According to the purpose of the study, 348 households were sampled using Cochran formula. Inferential statistics (Kendall Taubi test and multivariate regression test) were used for data analysis. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between Spatial flows and spatial changes with correlation coefficient of 0. 594 according to Kendall-Taobey test. Also, based on the results of regression test show that 58. 9% of the spatial changes of the studied Rural settlements are explained by the spatial flows. Capital and people flows individuals with Beta coefficient of 0. 508 and 0. 412 had the greatest impact on the spatial changes of the Rural settlements studied. The spatial changes of Rural settlements are not the same in all dimensions as more changes are taking place in the physical-infrastructural and non-productive sectors of Rural areas around Zahedan. Finally, in the study area due to structural and functional reasons an incomplete link has been formed between Zahedan city and the surrounding villages, which has led to the lack of development at the regional level. Extended Abstract Introduction Flows, including spatial flows (flows of people, goods, capital, technology, knowledge, information, and waste) and partial flows (including flows of agriculture to the city and suburban areas and commodities flowing from urban industrial areas to areas). And consequently, the Rural-urban links play an important role in the processes of Rural-urban changes. Studies in the field of Rural-urban ties in various countries, including Iran and around large cities such as Zahedan, show that Rural-urban interaction can have positive effects on the population centers around it, in addition to the positive effects. In other words, the formation of past and present links to the economic development of Rural settlements requires the availability of basic resources, a dynamic production system, and appropriate infrastructure. Due to water scarcity and climate change, agricultural activity is very limited in the study area and capital flow from town to village is concentrated in service and construction sectors and is out of production. Accordingly, the spatial changes created by the spatial flows in Rural settlements are a question that can be sought in different regions. Thus, the present study seeks to answer the following question.-Is there a significant relationship between spatial flows and spatial changes of Rural settlements in the study area?-Which of the spatial flows has the greatest impact on the spatial changes of Rural settlements in the study area?-There is a direct and significant relationship between the spatial flows and the spatial changes of the Rural settlements in the study area.-The flow of capital and people has the greatest impact on the spatial evolution of the Rural settlements under study. Methodology The present study is descriptive and analytical based on the nature of the problem and the subject under study. Data collection has been done by library and field methods. The population of the study is 218 villages of Zahedan. To select the sample from these villages, at first 30 villages were estimated by estimation method and then classified using two criteria of distance and population of the area. Finally, based on the use of stratified sampling method, based on the share of each class, sample villages were randomly selected. Next, due to the nature of the research variables that could not be extracted from the village questionnaire, 348 households were identified as sample households using Cochran method and household questionnaires were used as sample method. Simple random sampling was distributed among them. Cronbach's alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument, with a value of 0. 765. 6 indices and 39 items were used to measure the spatial flows and 6 indices and 20 items were used to measure spatial changes. To investigate the significant relationship between spatial flows and spatial changes, Kendall Taubi test and the effect of spatial flows on spatial changes of sample villages were used. Finally, the villages are categorized according to the severity of economic changes based on the Vikor model. Results and discussion Based on the findings of the study, it can be said that the results of Kendall Taoobi test with significant level (0. 000) and correlation coefficient of 0. 594 show a strong significant relationship between spatial flows and spatial changes of villages. On this basis, the first hypothesis is confirmed. Bivariate regression between spatial flows and spatial changes shows that this relationship is positive with a significant coefficient (0. 000) and a positive coefficient of 0. 641. Based on the regression model, the coefficient of determination was 0. 661 and adjusted coefficient of determination was 0. 589. This means that about 58. 9 percent of the variance of spatial changes is explained by the indicators of the spatial flows in the villages around the city of Zahedan. According to Beta values in regression model, capital flow with coefficient of 0. 508, people flow with coefficient of 0. 412 and commodity flow with coefficient of 0. 312 had the most impact on spatial changes of Rural settlements, respectively. In contrast, information flow with coefficient of 0. 142, residual flow with coefficient of 0. 113 and cultural flow with coefficient of 0. 192 had the least effect on spatial changes of Rural settlements. Therefore, the second hypothesis is confirmed. The results of the Vikor technique show that there are 11 highly evolved villages, 1 highly evolved, 3 highly evolved and 15 very low evolved. Conclusion The results of the present study are in line with the findings of Douglass (1998), Tacoli (2002, 1998) so that in the studies of these researchers locally, rather than emphasizing the hierarchy of different centers of settlements with different functions, a set of centers The level creates a network based on key activities that interact with other centers. While the results of the study show that some of the spatial flows such as information and technology flow and waste are incomplete and inadequate in the study area while forming the network in the study area. In other words, the spatial changes of Rural settlements are not the same in all dimensions, so that further developments have an impact on the physical-infrastructural and non-productive sectors of the villages around Zahedan. Finally in the study area for structural and functional reasons such as a centralized view of the city, the lack of basic resources for the first part activities and the role of Rural settlements in meeting urban needs, commodification of land, land use change and concentration of capital flows in the sector. Unproductive, inadequate links have been formed between Zahedan and surrounding villages, which has made development at the regional level impossible.

Rural management has been implemented through Dehyari and the Islamic Council institutions for more than two decades. These institutions played a role at the village level in Rural development in term of their activities. Checking the amount of interference and actions of the Rural managers in Rural development issues requires analysis. This article focused on the role and function of Rural management in physical development in Rural settlements. This research is descriptive-analytical and uses the survey method. The scope of this research includes ten villages in Chenaran County each of which has a population of more than 50 families and the guiding plan was performed in them. The statistical population in the first group is Rural managers consisting of two members (One Dehyar and One member of the Council), and the second group includes 330 heads of households living in these villages. The validity of the questionnaire has been approved by academic staff and experts in Rural development. Moreover, the reliability of the study’s measurement, through Alpha Cronbach, was obtained 0.87 for local residents and 0.91 for the Rural managers. The results of research have confirmed the effective role of local management in physical development. Based on the research findings, all the criteria, except for the economic situation, display a significant difference between the perspectives of the two groups.

The truth of livability considering that it refers to the degree of providing the necessities of a society based on the needs and capacity of the people of that society for the growth and development of Rural settlements, or in other words, livability promotes quality of life and development of the concepts of the quality of people's living environment so that it provided the best ways of life for them. The present study was conducted to identify and explain the factors affecting the livability of Rural settlements using the method of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and correlation coefficient as a survey method. In this research, 6543 heads of Rural households in the city of Ilam were surveyed to identify and explain factors contributing to Rural settlements' livability. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 363 people, and the sample was selected randomly and the quota sampling method. In this study, a questionnaire was exerted, experts confirmed content validity, and reliability was verified by a pre-test and Cronbach's alpha of 0.864 percent.The results show that the social dimension with a correlation coefficient of 780/. and the explanation coefficient of 66.73%, the economic dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.593 and the explanation coefficient of 73.66%, the physical dimension with a correlation coefficient of 587. and the explanatory factor of 68.12% and the environmental dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.585 and an explanatory factor of 23.23% affect the livability of Rural settlements in Ilam Township. The results also show that the most important factors affecting livability in the social dimension are working groups with 0.782, in the economic dimension the existence of savings and the appropriateness of living expenses in the village with 0.897 and 0.854, in the physical dimension access to service uses at the regional level with 821. 0 and in the environmental aspect, the lack of houses in the flood path is 0.794.Extended AbstractIntroductionSince the beginning of human settlements, villages have been the center of civilization and progress, but in recent decades, the technology industry, production methods, etc., have undergone profound changes. In most developing countries, the development path is considered a challenge when it comes to national development, which arises from the growth and development of Rural settlements. Therefore, as a comprehensive framework that is made of human development and society’s well-being based on the increase of the dual physical-environmental and cultural dimensions of each space. That is why its main and general meaning is that achieving livability or achieving the quality of planning or place can be sustainable if it considers broad economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions in Rural settlements. Interchangeably, livability is a capability in the residential environment that allows for a peaceful, safe, valuable, interactive and stable residence with the social and psychological well-being of the inhabitants. As a result, only respecting nature and not wasting natural resources strengthen social life. It provides collective spaces and connections between places and activities. Based on this, today, livability planning provides villages with awareness and proper training to accept economic, social, and cultural changes. Last but certainly not least, it provides physical and environmental conditions in line with the development of settlements. MethodologyAccording to the Cochran formula, the sample size for this study is 363 people with descriptive, analytic and survey methods. In order to analyze the data and influence the livability of settlements in Rural areas, the questionnaire is the main research tool. Experts in this field have confirmed the content validity of the items. A questionnaire with a Likert scale was developed to check the reliability of the sample of 30 people outside the original sample based on the variables prepared in four social, economic, physical, and environmental dimensions. Based on the necessary changes made to the mentioned questionnaire, the results obtained from the pre-test confirmed the reliability or acceptable reliability of the study and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.864%. For a more detailed examination of the topic and classification of variables, factor analysis and correlation coefficients have been exerted, as well as descriptive statistics. In order to obtain significant factors, Bartlett’s test, KMO coefficient, and T-value were applied, and the data was analyzed in SPSS and LISREL software to perform a factor analysis of varimax rotation. Results and discussion In the region’s ancient and historical past, the important factor in the livability of Rural settlements has been the social factor. Today, management, training, and security are among the most important factors. Rural settlements can be made livable through effective and efficient management, which is defined by the performance of local officials. In fact, their positive performance in resolving village issues and problems with the help and participation of the people. As a result of the research, KOM is 0.715, Bartlett is 4025.509, with 325 degrees of freedom and significant level (Sig= 0.001). Keyser indicates that seven factors are above one with 66.73% and that management and education have the greatest impact on Rural settlements' viability with 26.728%. In term of the economy of the villages, the fertile lands, forest, and pasture in the region contribute to 0.728. Bartlett 237.438 with a degree of freedom of 55, which is significant (sig=0.001), the employment and income factor with 30.45% showed the most significant impact on Rural settlements' economic viability when considering the Keyser factor with 73.76%. As one of the major factors that determine the livability of settlements in a region, the expansion of transportation networks contributes to the availability of services, in order to receive these essential services, villages must have good roads and be located close to Ilam, the mother city of the province. There are 109 degrees of freedom with the KOM value of 0.811 and the Bartlett value (3493.706) at a significant level (sig=0.001), and in the Keyser factor, five factors have eigenvalues above on with 68.135. In the environmental aspect, the region has beautiful natural landscapes, springs, rivers, forests, gardens, and transportation, with 15.72 percent showing the greatest impact. According to KOM 0.785 and Bartlett 2941.726, which are at a significant level (sig=0.001), these landscapes have made villages more habitable. There are four factors that have specific value above one, which include 23.65% of Rural settlements’ environmental viability ConclusionAccording to this study, livability is comprised of four interdependent economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions. Socio-cultural viability is linked to how society is organized, people's sense of belonging to their place and their awareness of society. The economy provides jobs and income and meets the needs of the society. Housing, infrastructure facilities, transportation and public spaces for recreation and leisure determine the physical livability of Rural areas. Natural resources, waste disposal capacities, and the relationship between humans and the environment are also considered as part of the environment. Furthermore, the results indicate that the social dimension, with 0.61, had the greatest impact on Rural settlements' livability, followed by the economic dimensions, with 0.56, the physical dimension, with 0.32, and the environmental dimension, with 0.38. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The environment is one of the most important issues in the world. Since the majority of villagers are farmers that cultivate rice, so paying more attention to the agricultural sector and attracting young people to this important economic sector, providing the survival of Rural population will ultimately lead to sustainable Rural development. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of rice cultivation on the sustainable development of agricultural ecosystem in villages of the case study region. The statistical population of this study was rice cultivators in the villages of Neka county in Mazandaran province. The family size was selected based on Cochran formula that 262 samples were selected. The research method is descriptive and analytical one with practical nature. The results of the data based on the field method indicated the correlation between the environmental development of the studied villages and the amount of rice crop cultivation equal to 0. 981 which is positive, Which shows that there is a positive correlation between rice and environmental development of the studied villages. Also, the highest correlation coefficient between sustainable environmental development and the role of rice is presented in the atrab of the estakhrposht. Also using Tapsis method, the villages of khorshid and Shit were affected more, and the villages of Kalabestan and Chalou Pul were affected the least. Based on the results, the environmental status of agriculture in the studied villages with a score of 0. 351 is at a low level of sustainability.

Given the way people interact with each other and how and to what extent they participate in civic affairs, their beliefs and values can have a significant impact on reducing economic and social time and costs. Therefore, social capital, along with other capitals, guides people's interactions and contributes to their economic and social development and, ultimately, sustainable development. Therefore, social capital is considered as one of the factors that strengthens collective relations, networks and cohesion of "between people", "people and organizations" and "organizations together" in sustainable local development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the components of social capital on the physical development of Rural neighborhoods in Garmsar city and areas of influence of Garmsar city functions. Type of applied research and descriptive-analytical method and library and field methods (questionnaire) were used to collect information. The statistical population of this study is Rural households living in Rural settlements of Garmsar city. According to the 2016 census, this village has 15, 231 households, of which 375 households have been selected as a sample for research using the Cochran's formula. Finally, 341 questionnaires were used to analyze the data using descriptive and inferential statistics (onesample t-test, Pearson correlation). Also, a single-sample t-test shows that the utility number is more than (3) and positively evaluated for physical development indices. There is no relationship between social awareness and physical development. The results of regression analysis indicate that the effect of social trust (0. 149), social cohesion (0. 033) and social participation (0. 391) on positive physical development and meaning Is.

Background and aim: Rural areas of the country face various economic and social problems, including crime. The development, creativity and social mobility of Rural communities depends on security and peace and is the most important indicator of crime prevention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the crime occurrence in Rural areas of Zanjan and to develop strategies for preventing these crimes. Method: This study is an applied descriptive-analytic research. The statistical population of the study was 293 villages in Zanjan. In the strategy formulation and selection, a set of elites (n = 32) were selected. Multivariate decision-making or TOPSIS in MATLAB software was used to analyze the data. Findings: Findings showed that Zanjan had the highest incidence of theft crimes in the province and 32. 19% of Rural theft crimes occurred in this province. The most important theft was in Rural areas of the city with 53. 66 percent of the total crime. Conclusion: The results show that based on five criteria for evaluating strategies including importance in terms of prevention, efficiency and effectiveness in prevention of Rural crime and budget and cost and time required for implementation, education and awareness sector strategies with highest score in technology. TOPSIS is the most effective approach to preventing Rural crime in the city.

Introduction: There are dramatic changes in attitudes toward risk today; thus, the prevailing view has shifted from focusing solely on reducing "vulnerability" to increasing "resilience" to disasters. Resilience is a kind of futurism emerging due to the dynamic response of society to risks which can have an impact on expanding policy choices to deal with uncertainty and changes. Accordingly, on a global scale, in a situation where risks and uncertainties are rising, efficient natural disaster planning and management strategies are highly required. As a result, human societies can reduce vulnerability at different levels, especially at the local level. Accordingly, one of the most effective approaches in risk management, planning, and increasing the resilience of Rural settlements is the futuristic approach., uncertainties in the planning process can be detected and managed by analyzing the main factors and drivers of development. Study Area: The study area in this research is the Rural settlements of Fariman. Fariman is one of the cities of Khorasan Razavi. In 2016, it had a population of 99001 people and consisted of two central parts of Qalandarabad and five villages named Fariman, Sang Bast, Balaband, Sefid Sang, and Qalandarabad. It has a total of 177 inhabited villages. Fariman Sangbast, Qalandarabad, Kalateh Minar, and Barashk rivers flow to this region while it is located on an active fault. The studied villages include 29 villages in Qalandarabad district who have suffered human and financial losses due to floods and earthquakes. According to the city governor's office, in villages where the earthquake occurred, about 40 to 100 percent has been destroyed. Besides, according to the city housing foundation, 285 Rural housing units and 324 livestock places have been damaged due to the flood for about 10 to 100 percent. More importantly, 200 hectares of wheat and saffron fields in Fariman have been damaged due to flood. In general, about 15 billion tomans of the damage has been caused by floods to farms, livestock, and roads in Qalandarabad, Fariman. Figure 1. Introduction of the Study Area Materials and Methods: The present research is an applied one in terms of purpose and nature which is conducted using new methods of futures studies, analytical, and structural ones. It is a mixed methods approach using a combination of both quantitative and qualitative models. The present study identifies the most important factors affecting the promotion of resilience of Rural settlements against environmental hazards in Fariman. To this end, Delphi technique has been applied to identify variables and indicators. In this regard, first, to collect the variables, published scientific-research articles on the factors affecting the increase of resilience against environmental hazards were used. Then, a semi-structured questionnaire was designed and distributed using selected Delphi method in several stages among selected experts-experts in the field of research and Rural managers. In order to consciously select the participants, purposive sampling method was used. The statistical population of the present study is 50 people including 29 villagers and members of Islamic councils of the studied villages while 21 others involved 8 university professors, 7 doctoral students and specialists in the study area, 3 experts of the housing foundation of the Islamic Revolution of Khorasan Razavi, and 3 experts of the city governors. The applied futuristic method of the study is used for cross-impact analysis. This method is an expert-centered method through which a few results are obtained. The method is based on the analysis of interactions in the matrix. In crossover effects analysis, events along with events and trends are considered as independent variables and the probabilities of the phenomenon in the future are plotted by examining the output (in pairs) of the effective variables or drivers (in the column row). This method uses Mick Mac software. Results and Discussion: Based on the results of the number of variables, the dimensions of the 47 ×47 matrix are set in six different domains. The results show that the number of repetitions is double and the degree of matrix filling is 75. 73%. The results indicate that the number of high-intensity relationships accounted for a higher percentage. How variables are distributed on the scatter plot determines the stability and instability of the system. The status of distribution and the dispersion of variables affecting the promotion of resilience of Rural settlements against environmental hazards in the distribution plate indicates that the status of the system is unstable. So, the most variables are scattered around the diagonal axis of the plane. To analyze the system environment and finally to identify the drivers and key effective factors, the impact plan and the variability of variables are examined along with the ranking and displacement of variables. Due to the instability of the system, five types of variables including effective variables, two-dimensional variables, regulatory variables, affective variables, and independent variables were identified. Moreover, the system shows the sum of influential variables and their interactional effect. Among the research variables, social variables had the highest impact on increasing the resilience of Rural settlements and environmental hazards while environmental-physical variables had the lowest impact. Comparing the results of direct and indirect effects analysis, the key factors affecting the promotion of resilience of Rural settlements against environmental hazards were detected. According to the results, the key driving forces in terms of the impact on the 16 key factors are more important, both in direct and indirect effects. Finally, the key factors affecting the increase in resilience were ranked from highest to lowest. Conclusion: In the present study, 16 factors were selected as the most prominent ones including the increase in people's cooperation and convergence in times of danger, accountability of government organizations and local institutions, partnership between communities, the private sector and local authorities, taking the necessary measures to protect the village from hazards by local management, strong buildings for use in times of danger, granting credit and loans to victims, coordination between different institutions and timely supervision to provide assistance, increasing non-agricultural incomes of villagers, use of GIS in natural hazard management by relevant organizations, informing people about ways to deal with accidents, rehabilitation of residential units with the advice of local architects and engineers, use of information tools by relevant institutions, access to organizations for post-accident management, training people to build durable structures, creating insurance coverage in various aspects, and training and maneuvering by government agencies. The problems regarding the crisis management can be solved and the effects of natural disasters in the city of Fariman will be reduced if only these factors are well taken into account.

Background and Objective: Crime analysts have always focused on identifying crime, its causes, and its roots in urban areas, with less attention given to the occurrence of crime in Rural areas. However, the tendency to commit crime in Rural communities has increased in recent years. The present study aims to analyze the occurrence of crime in Rural areas of Zanjan province.Methodology: This research is applied and developmental in nature, conducted using descriptive and analytical methods. The statistical population of the study consists of crimes that took place in Rural areas of Zanjan province in 2019. To gather the necessary information, both documentary and field methods were employed. For data analysis, Pearson correlation tests and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used.Findings: The findings revealed that Khodabandeh county had the highest share of Rural crimes in the province, followed by Zanjan and Abhar counties. The most frequent type of crime in Rural areas was theft, followed by disputes and conflicts, as well as general crimes against property and individuals.Conclusion: Crime occurrence in Rural areas showed the highest correlation with unemployment rates. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between the accessibility of Rural areas to infrastructure and the occurrence of Rural crimes. Based on these findings, improving employment and entrepreneurial conditions is a crucial strategy for increasing Rural income, improving livelihoods, and enhancing security in Rural settlements.

This article seeks to identify the spatial pattern viability of Rural settlements bordering areas of Hermand is to identify risk areas The method applied in this study is descriptive and analytical approach of the research .To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of viable villages in three favorable, average and unfavorable spatial statistical tests GEO DATM spatial statistical analysis and GIS software environment will be used to spatially pattern viability villages to identify high-risk zones and eventually be identified. The results show the viability of the desired range of 16 villages, 16 villages and 12 villages in the whole poor were in the moderate range. The results of the algorithm used to analyze the spatial distribution of insulin Moran viability in the region shows that 7 Cold cluster (habitable Low (LL), and 11 clusters of hot (high viability (HH) in the region were identified. The largest hot spots in the south of the city, and the villages located in this spot has high livability and are located adjacent to each other and the cold spots and the city center located in the South East. The results show poorer villages near the border of viability and cold clusters are concentrated in these areas and cold clusters are concentrated in these areas and Dependence on the agricultural economy and lack of water resources is plain in the northern city of viability are weaker .High-risk spots in the area of security instability in Rural settlement could be at risk and consequently the settlements that are more appropriate and livability and in the vicinity of the spots with low viability are also at risk in terms of security and to review their viability will be affected.